This book provides a straightforward introduction to teleology in biology, the work it did and the work it can do. Informed by history and philosophy, it focuses on scientific concerns. Seventeenth, eighteenth, and nineteenth century biologists proposed a menagerie of biological actors to explain power without appealing to Aristotelian vegetable souls and final causes. Three constraints on teleology narrowed the field, selecting among the various actors as they mutated and recombined. Methodological naturalism, local adaptation, and blind chance each represent a significant philosophical advance in biology. Kant, Darwin, and the Modern Synthesis provided a new teleology, grounded in natural selection, an etiological recursion of form and function, and the details of carbon chemistry on Earth. They naturalized teleology, but they also finalized nature, shifting conceptions about the world and science. Understanding these links historical, philosophical, and theoretical sets thestage for new work moving forward.

Dr. Lucas John Mix is the Blumberg NASA/Library of Congress Chair in Astrobiology and an associate in Organismic and Evolutionary Biology at Harvard. He studies life concepts at the intersection of science, philosophy and theology and has worked with NASA Astrobiology programs for the last 25 years on understanding the meaning and extent of life.

His previous books includeLife in Space: Astrobiology for Everyone (2009) andLife Concepts from Aristotle to Darwin: On Vegetable Souls (2018).

1. An End to Ends?.- 2. What Makes Life Life-Like? The Dynamic Continuity of Living Things.- 3. Vegetable Souls in the Middle Ages.- 4. Mechanical Organisms in the Enlightenment.- 5. Who Acts in Biology? Biological Agents from Souls to Genes.- 6. Genes: The New Biological Agent.- 7. Can Teleology Be Saved? Three Constraints on Bioteleology.- 8. Genes and Natural Selection Finalize Nature.