In an uncertain economy where business risk is significant, the company tends to rely more on its environment than to invest, for example, in all steps of technological creation; This can be explained by the fact that investments in the acquisition (ownership) of production resources are less expensive than those implied in the formation of these resources; which also explains the attractiveness (in an open economy) of regions with abundant scientific and technical resources. To understand and analyze the innovation process in order to better design and launch new goods, services and technologies, one has to consider the creative dimension of the individual, the business and the organization in general. In new approaches to innovation, the entrepreneur and the company are analyzed through their skills, and their function of resource generation; Innovation thus becomes endogenous, gradual or radical, integrated in a complex process with many feedbacks and interactions. The innovative organization (small or large) is presented in this book as a dynamic system composed of specific and diverse skills (including those of the contractor, engineers or managers). By acquiring, combining and mobilizing these skills, the innovative agent (entrepreneur or company) can create technological resources and develop relations with its environment. Hence the importance of management in design, implementation, protection of intellectual property as well as of the development of new goods, services and technology, commercial and organizational models.

Pierre Saulais, Consultant, France.

Introduction xi
Dimitri UZUNIDIS and Pierre SAULAIS

Chapter 1 Innovation Strategies and Entrepreneurial Dynamics 1
Michel MARCHESNAY

1.1 The entrepreneur: the key player in innovation 2

1.1.1 By their very nature, every entrepreneur takes a risk dependent on innovation 2

1.1.2 Innovation restores a range of logical structures and practices in entrepreneurial action 3

1.2 Industrial analysis of innovation 3

1.2.1 The analytical approach: the SCP model 4

1.2.2 The institutional approach: mesosystems 4

1.3 The three eras of industrial capitalism 5

1.3.1 The origins of industrial capitalism 5

1.3.2 The development of industrial capitalism: the concept of generations 6

1.4 Extensive and intensive stages 7

1.4.1 The extensive stage 7

1.4.2 The intensive stage 8

1.5 Innovation: between order and progress 8

1.5.1 The role of ideologies 9

1.5.2 The role of the zeitgeist, the spirit of the age 10

1.6 Innovation and the technical age: a Pandoras box? 11

1.6.1 The innovative entrepreneur: is there an ideal type? 12

1.6.2 Types of innovative entrepreneur 13

1.6.3 The capabilities of the innovative entrepreneur 15

1.7 The major strategic choices 15

1.7.1 Breakthrough innovation or adaptive development? 15

1.7.2 Dependence or individuality? (One of a kind) 16

1.8 The spread of innovation 18

1.8.1 The transfer: the basis of national technological policy 18

1.8.2 The subsidiary: an instrument of the industrial strategy of groups 19

1.8.3 The region: a hub of technological development 20

1.9 Conclusion 21

1.10 Bibliography 22

Chapter 2 Innovative Milieus and Innovative Entrepreneurship 25
Corinne TANGUY and Dimitri UZUNIDIS

2.1 The innovative milieu and proximities 27

2.1.1 The concept of the innovative milieu 27

2.1.2 Proximity: from space to organization 29

2.2 The innovative milieu and entrepreneurs 32

2.2.1 The innovative entrepreneur: networks and resources 33

2.2.2 Policies for creating innovative milieus and the emergence of an innovative entrepreneurship 35

2.3 Conclusion 37

2.4 Bibliography 38

Chapter 3 Start-up Founders and Support for Technology Entrepreneurs 43
Gérard A. KOKOU DOKOU

3.1 Putting entrepreneurial identity into theoretical perspective 45

3.1.1 The needs for existence, knowledge and ability at the heart of entrepreneurial identity 45

3.1.2 Expanding towards a resource-based approach 47

3.2 Demonstration of the components of the identity of a start-up entrepreneur 51

3.2.1 Creating the body of research and operational tool used 51

3.2.2 Revealing the main identity components 53

3.2.3 Three main identity components to be considered when supporting the technology entrepreneur 57

3.3 Conclusion 62

3.4 Bibliography 63

Chapter 4 The Importance of Entrepreneurial Creativity 73
Marc JAILLOT

4.1 Creativity, innovation and entrepreneurial context 74

4.1.1 Entrepreneurial creativity 74

4.1.2 The entrepreneurial context of small businesses 75

4.1.3 The reality of innovation in small businesses 78

4.2 What does the economic reality teach us? 80

4.3 Discussion 83

4.4 Conclusion 86

4.5 Bibliography 87

Chapter 5 From Ideation to Product Launch 91
Maggy PERRIER and Audrey DEPEIGE

5.1 The quest for continuous renewal: collaborative innovation within business strategy 92

5.2 An internal environment supporting innovation 98

5.3 Managing invention through innovation: building a strong intellectual property management process to maintain a competitive advantage 101

5.4 Conclusion 104

5.5 Bibliography 105

Chapter 6 The Patent: A Swiss Army Knife for Invention and Innovation 111
Yann de KERMADEC

6.1 Invention, innovation and intellectual property: some references 112

6.1.1 Definitions 112

6.1.2 Links between innovation, inventions and patents 113

6.2 The means tree: a language for innovation and good use of patents 116

6.2.1 Is the language of patents accessible to all? 116

6.2.2 The means tree: the language of patents translated into graphic patterns 117

6.2.3 The means tree and its varied uses 120

6.2.4 The means tree: a turbocharger for the innovate thanks to patents approach 122

6.3 The patent system: a model for the management of knowledge for innovation 124

6.4 Conclusion 129

6.5 Bibliography 131

Chapter 7 Invention, Innovation and Intellectual Property Rights 133
Pierre SAULAIS

7.1 Innovation 134

7.1.1 The multidimensional aspect of innovation 134

7.1.2 Innovation procedures and processes 135

7.1.3 The intense knowledge stages of the innovation process 139

7.2 Invention and the ability to invent 141

7.2.1 The concept of inventiveness 141

7.2.2 Combining creativity and inventiveness 141

7.2.3 Overview of some standard methods 142

7.3 The inventive intellectual corpus 143

7.3.1 Intellectual works and intellectual corpus 144

7.3.2 Intellectual works and intangible capital 147

7.3.3 Traces in the inventive intellectual corpus 149

7.3.4 Synthesis of the inventive intellectual corpus 151

7.4 Analysis of the links between invention, innovation and the inventive intellectual heritage 151

7.4.1 Links between industrial property rights and innovation 151

7.4.2 Links between industrial property rights and invention 152

7.4.3 Links between invention and industrial property rights 154

7.4.4 Links between innovation and industrial property rights 155

7.4.5 Links between invention and innovation 155

7.4.6 Links between innovation and invention 155

7.4.7 Reciprocal links between inventive activity and the inventive intellectual corpus 155

7.5 The nature of bridges between knowledge areas 157

7.5.1 The perspective of economists 157

7.5.2 The knowledge management perspective on innovation 158

7.5.3 The perspective of KBI (Knowledge-Based Innovation) 158

7.5.4 The perspective of knowledge-based ideation 159

7.6 Conclusion 159

7.7 Bibliography 160

Chapter 8 Commitment to an Industrial Evolution 165
Theodor FELEZEU

8.1 Findings, shared feelings and risks incurred 166

8.2 Focus on the new industrial order 172

8.2.1 Beyond industry 4.0 173

8.2.2 Towards a rebirth, but without actually having to die first (or at least without suffering too much) 179

8.2.3 Economic alternatives: look left and right before crossing 184

8.3 Corollaries: impacts on innovation 186

8.3.1 Cultures 186

8.3.2 Visions and strategies 187

8.3.3 Processes 187

8.3.4 Tools 187

8.4 Conclusion 188

8.5 Bibliography 188

List of Authors 193

Index 195